Temporomandibular disorders [TMDs] present a complex array of signs and symptoms representing dysfunction in the temporomandibular joint [TMJ] and associated structures. There has been longstanding controversy about whether orthodontic treatment influences TMJ health, either positively by correcting malocclusion or negatively by altering occlusal relationships and condylar position. This review synthesizes the available evidence on the association between orthodontic therapy and TMJ outcomes. Using systematic search and PRISMA-based screening, existing literature including systematic reviews, cohort studies, and observational research were analyzed to evaluate whether orthodontic treatment predisposes, ameliorates, or has negligible effects on TMJ function. Current evidence remains inconsistent; several studies suggest no clear cause-effect relationship between orthodontic treatment and TMD, while some meta-analyses indicate a statistical association between treatment and TMD incidence. Many clinical studies demonstrate transient TMJ symptoms during treatment phases, but lack long-term adverse sequelae. The heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria, study design, and follow-up duration complicates definitive conclusions. Future high-quality longitudinal research with standardised diagnostic protocols for TMD is essential to clarify the impact of orthodontic interventions on the TMJ.

Keywords:
Temporomandibular joint, Temporomandibular disorders, Orthodontic treatment, Malocclusion, TMJ function, Systematic review